Evolution Korea: What's The Only Thing Nobody Is Talking About

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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democracy is prone to populist impulses. It's still more stable than was expected.

The country is searching for an alternative development model. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend emerging.

Origins

In the early days the ancestors of today's Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock, and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan and also art styles and a written language and paper making.

In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded on the southern part of the peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on the citizens and often required them to fight in the army or work on projects for the government like building fortifications.

At the close of the period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by all and respected even by their grandchildren and children.

Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.

Development in Korea

The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of cist graves lined with stone, with precious items such as amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, made of massive single stones, are also widespread throughout the country.

Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was then under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.

Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje was the most powerful of these states was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern regions in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a short period of time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate in order to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.

As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase, its development paradigm appears to be in flux. Those who are horrified by the cost of the old system advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand, champions of the old system seek to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear over potential job losses.

Academics and analysts are divided about the extent to which Korea's development is being driven by these two trends. This article examines developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development including democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies the key factors that appear to be the driving force behind these developments.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their views to this group. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory 39% claimed that the theory contradicted their religion and 17% said it was difficult to understand. The level of doubt is similar to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from less advanced types of life.

In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was primarily focused on teaching students and the introduction of Christ to them. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. This event was attended by an audience of scientists, professors and church leaders.

The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.

KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, which reported on its activities and also published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several films and slides from ICR, as well as some books on the subject that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the nation in universities and churches.

One instance of one KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the funds and support needed to build a small museum on campus showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.

In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the field of creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that host talks and seminars to children and other community groups.

Changes in South Korea

In the latter half of the 19th century and beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from abroad. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary jazz and rock and roll. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and other musical instruments.

The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The new regime's main challenge is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-based ones. It also requires a change in the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining schemes that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.

Baekje was founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border.

The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries enabled strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also was in control of a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.

His rule was however short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla more info slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.